Adverb,Conjunction, Preposition
DAY 3
PART A
Adverb বা ক্রিয়া-বিশেষণ কাকে বলে? Adverb কত প্রকার ও কি কি?
Adverb কাকে বলে?
Adverb একটি part of speech যা একটি verb, adjective অথবা অন্য একটি adverb কে বর্ণনা করে। এটি কখন? /কোথায়? / কিভাবে? / কি উপায়ে? / এবং কি পরিমাণে? এই প্রশ্নগুলোর উত্তর দেয়।
Example:
o
The girl speaks fluently in English.
এখানে “fluently” বর্ণনা করছে “the girl” কিভাবে English এ কথা বলছে । তাই এটি একটি adverb.
o
The tea is very hot.
এখানে “very “ বর্ণনা করছে চা কতটা গরম । তাই এটি একটি adverb.
o
The boy is running so fast.
এখানে “so” বর্ণনা করছে ছেলেটি কত দ্রুত দৌড়াচ্ছে এবং “fast” বর্ণনা করছে ছেলেটি কিভাবে দৌড়াচ্ছে । উভয়েই adverb, “so” modify করছে আরেকটি adverb “fast” কে এবং “fast” modify করছে একটি verb “run” কে ।
Adverbs এর প্রকারভেদ (Classification/ Types)
Adverbs can be classified in different ways. These are discussed
below.
Adverb কে বিভিন্নভাবে বিভক্ত করা যায় । এগুলো নিচে বর্ণনা করা হলো ।
·
Affirmative or Negative Adverb
Adverb of time:
যে adverb কোনকিছু কখন/কোন সময়ে ঘটেছে তা বর্ণনা/উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of time বলে । এটা sentence এর শুরুতে অথবা শেষে ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
Adverbs of time: Yesterday, today, afterward, always, immediately, last
month, now, soon, etc are common.
Examples:
o
I will go to the varsity today.
o
Always speak
the truth.
o
I should go there immediately.
Adverb of place:
যে adverb কোনকিছু কোথায় ঘটেছে তা উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of place বলে । এটা verb এর পরে, direct object হিসাবে অথবা sentence এর শুরুতে ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
An adverb which tells us where
something is done or happened is called Adverb of place.
It can be used after the verb as a direct object or at the beginning of a
sentence.
Adverbs of place: Here, above, below, under, upstairs, there, over there, etc.
Examples:
o
I will go upstairs to see
her.
o
I like to have my lunch here.
o
They are sitting under the tree.
Adverb of manner:
যে adverb কোনোকিছু কিভাবে হয়/হচ্ছে/হবে তা ব্যখ্যা/উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of manner বলে ।
Most of these adverbs have “ly” at
its end such as, quickly, slowly, happily, badly, etc. Fast,
hard, well, etc. are also adverbs of manner.
Examples:
o
Inflation badly affected
our economy.
o
The man has to work hard to get a promotion.
o
I tried to sing well in the program.
Adverb of degree:
যে adverb কোনোকিছু কি পরিমাণে/কতটুকু ঘটেছে তা বোঝায় তাকে Adverb of degree বলে ।
Adverbs of degree: So, very, quite, really, too, almost, much, nearly, etc.
Examples:
o
The work is almost done.
o
The book is really interesting.
o
I am very happy to
hear this good news.
Adverb of frequency:
যে adverb কোনকিছু কতবার বা কত সময় পরপর হয় তা বোঝায় তাকে Adverb of frequency বলে ।
Adverbs of frequency: Weekly, twice, sometimes, never, always, generally, usually,
nearly, again, ever, hardly ever, etc.
Examples:
o
I have never been
to that place.
o
Always wear
a smile on your face.
o
Sometimes I
feel nostalgic while listening to an old song.
Affirmative or Negative Adverb:
এটা কোনকিছু সত্য কি মিথ্যা তা বলে অথবা কোনোকিছুর উপর গুরুত্ব আরোপ করে।
It tells whether a thing is true or
false or it emphasizes a matter. Truly, Especially, never, etc.
are examples of affirmative or negative adverbs.
Examples:
o
Truly,
I want her to be here.
o
She especially mentioned
her name.
o
Never tell
a lie.
Preposition বা পদান্বয়ী অব্যয় কাকে বলে? Preposition কত প্রকার ও কি কি?
Preposition কাকে বলে?
যে সকল শব্দ সাধারণত noun বা pronoun এর সামনে বসে noun বা pronoun এর সাথে sentence এর অন্যানো শব্দের সম্পর্ক প্রকাশ করে তাদেরকে preposition বলা হয়।
Example:
o
The book is on the
table.
o
We sat under the tree.
o
The car was coming towards
Prepositions এর প্রকারভেদ (Classification/Types)
Prepositions can be classified in different ways. These are
discussed below.
Preposition কে বিভিন্নভাবে বিভক্ত করা যায় । এগুলো নিচে বর্ণনা করা হলো ।
·
Preposition used for Tools,
Mechanism or Gadget
Simple Preposition:
সাধারণত sentence এ ব্যবহৃত একক preposition গুলোকে simple preposition বলে ।
The preposition, used in a simple
sentence is called simple preposition.
On, in, to, at, from, with, of,
off, over, under, etc. are some examples of simple prepositions.
Examples:
o
She is living in this
room.
o
I am going to the
varsity.
o
He was looking at me.
Compound Preposition:
যে preposition গুলো দুটো noun, pronoun অথবা phrase কে যুক্ত করতে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাদেরকে compound preposition বলে।
Examples:
o
I will complete the work before he comes.
o
She was asking about this
matter.
o
The river is running across the town.
Phrase Preposition:
যে preposition গুলো দলবদ্ধ শব্দ এবং sentence এর বিভিন্ন অংশের মধ্যে সম্পর্ক বোঝায় তাদেরকে phrase preposition বলে ।
In spite of, in front of, in
order to, due to, on account of, for the sake of, etc. are some
examples of phrase prepositions.
Examples:
o
She came here in order to meet me.
o
We were standing in front of the college.
o
She could not come here due to her illness.
o
I did not go to watch the movie assuming that it would be boring.
Double Preposition:
দুটো preposition যুক্ত হয়ে একটি নতুন preposition গঠণ করলে তাকে double preposition বলে ।
Examples:
o
He could not come to the meeting because of his illness.
o
I have to do this work within today.
o
I have to answer three questions out of all.
Preposition of time:
যে preposition কোনো কাজের সময় বা একটি sentence এর noun গুলোর মধ্যে সময়ের সম্পর্ক নির্দেশ করে তাকে preposition of time বলে ।
Examples:
o
I will try to come at 6:30 pm.
o
This program will be held in January.
o
Try to come on Monday.
Preposition of place:
যে preposition গুলো কোনোকিছুর অবস্থান নির্দেশ করে তাকে preposition of place বলে।
Such as behind, under, on, in, at, between, over, etc.
Examples:
o
The boy was standing behind the tree.
o
She lives in Dhanmondi in
Dhaka.
Preposition of direction:
যে preposition কোনোকিছুর বা কারো দিকে নির্দেশ করে তাকে preposition of direction বলে ।
Such as in, on, under, over, left, right,
etc.
Examples:
o
The school is situated on the right side of the town.
o
The jeep is now going over the bridge.
o
The bird is sitting on the roof.
Preposition for an agent:
যে preposition কোনো কাজ ও কাজ সম্পাদনকারীর মধ্যে সম্পর্ক নির্দেশ করে তাকে preposition for agent বলে ।
Examples:
o
I like to go there with you.
o
She likes to read the books written by Tagore.
Preposition used for
Tools, Mechanism or Gadget:
এই preposition গুলো বিভিন্ন noun কে ( যন্ত্র, বাদ্যযন্ত্র , মেশিন প্রভৃতি ) sentence এর অন্যান্য শব্দের সাথে যুক্ত করে ।
The prepositions which are used in case of tools, mechanism or
gadget are called preposition used for tools, mechanism or gadget.
Examples:
o
I opened the bottle with the help of an opener.
o
He likes to go long drives by his car.
o
She came here on foot.
END OF PART A
EXAM TIME FOR
10 MINUTES
PART B
Conjunction কাকে বলে? এটি কত প্রকার ও কি কি?
Conjunction কাকে বলে?
Conjunction একটি part of speech যা sentence এ বিভিন্ন words, phrases, বা clauses যুক্ত করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Such as and, or, otherwise, but, unless, since, although, etc.
Example:
o
Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
o
The postman is poor, but he never shirks his duty.
o
You must study regularly or/otherwise, you will not pass the exam.
Conjunctions এর প্রকারভেদ (Classification/Types)
There are mainly three types of conjunctions. Conjunction প্রধানতঃ তিন প্রকারের হয় ।
These are discussed below.
Coordinating conjunction:
যে conjunction একইরকম ব্যাকরণগত কাঠামো সম্পন্ন words, phrases or
clauses যুক্ত করে তাকে coordinating conjunction বলে । একে coordinator ও বলা হয় ।
The conjunction which joins words, phrases
or clauses having the same grammatical structure is called coordinating conjunction. It is also called a
coordinator, such as and, or, but, nor, for, yet,
so, etc.
Examples:
o
I will buy a pen and a book. (Joining
two words)
o
You can find him in the library or in the classroom. (Joining two phrases)
o
She is poor, yet she is happy. (Joining
two clauses)
Subordinating Conjunction:
যে conjunction একটি
subordinate/dependent clause কে একটি main/independent clause এর সাথে যুক্ত করে তাকে subordinating conjunction বলে ।
. It is also called a subordinator, such as since, once, till,
when, where, although, after, no matter how, while, provided that, etc.
Examples:
o
We went to the garden where we saw different kinds of roses.
o
Although she
was ill, she came to the class.
o
You will get a chance to play on the
team provided that you practice hard.
o
o
Correlative Conjunction:
জোড়া শব্দ যেগুলো বিপরীতার্থক বা পরিপূরক সম্পর্কযুক্ত words, phrases বা clauses কে যুক্ত করে তাদেরকে correlative conjunction বলে।
Whether…or, not only…but also,
either…or, neither…nor, both…and, are some common correlative
conjunctions.
Examples:
o
I will travel either by bus or by
air.
o
Neither you
nor I will go there.
o
Both red and green are my favorite colors.
END OF PART B
EXAM TIME FOR 10 MINUTES
